Sepsis, an Old Problem for Clinicians

Sepsis is a syndrome old as life itself. This syndrome has accompanied human evolution for generations. Ranging from antiquity to the nowadays sepsis definition has gone through several stages. However, the definition and methodology of studying was developed in the last decades. In spite of numerous, high cost studies its physiopathology is still not entirely understood. On the other hand it is quite clear that it is a dynamic heterogeneous disease which leads to a disbalance of the inflammatory network.

Sepsis

Nowadays, sepsis diagnostic methods are of extreme importance, not only for following its progress but moreover for establishing a diagnosis as soon as possible. It is an uncommon systemic reaction as a result of a microbe or its toxins. Despite modern technology in sepsis diagnosis, it still remains a potentially lethal and a very high cost syndrome for the health system. Many studies reported a decline in sepsis mortality in recent years from 37% to 31% but again these figures remain high.

Role of Neutrophils Apoptosis in Osteomyelitis Pathogenesis

Osteomyelitis is a bone infection characterized by progressive inflammatory destruction of the infected bone and new apposition of bone at the site of infection. In adults, osteomyelitis is usually a complication of open wounds due to fractures, surgery, or both, with or without the presence of foreign bodies such as prosthetic devices. In fact, it is estimated that about 0.4 to 7% of trauma and orthopaedic interventions are complicated by osteomyelitis.

Neutrophils Apoptosis

Bone infections can also be the result of bacteraemia, mostly in children and in elderly patients, in whom the infection involves mainly the axial skeleton. The microorganism most frequently isolated in both post-traumatic and haematogenous cases is Staphylococcus aureus.

The Human Microbiome as a New Source for Antibiotic Discovery

Bacterial infection especially antibiotic-resistance“superbugs” (e.g., methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) has caused a huge global threat of public health. Bacterial infection currently kills more people than HIV, and will kill more people than cancer in the coming decades. Nevertheless, new antibiotics, one of the most important treatment options for bacterial infection, unfortunately continue to be limited because the pace of antibiotic discovery and development is dramatically declining. To meet the urgent need for novel drugs with combating the “superbugs”, researchers are continuing to explore new natural sources such as marine resource, metagenome, and uncultured microorganisms that were missed in previous screens.

The Human Microbiome

The human microbiota (~100 trillion microbes) is the full collection of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, and archaea that reside inside and on human tissues and biofluids such as skin, lung, and gastrointestinal tracts. The human microbiome (~8 million genes) refers to an aggregate of genes in the human microbiota. Human microbiome has been considered as a counterpart to the human genome, which encodes at least 100 times as many genes as the entire human own genome.

Aerococcus Viridians: Under-Recognized Cause of Pyomyositis

Aerococcal infection is a rarely described pathogen in the literature. Aerococcus species may be isolated from urine, blood or other sources. Several sites of infection caused by aerococcal infection have been reported including arthritis, UTI, endocarditis and meningitis. However, to our knowledge there is not a single case of soft tissue infection caused by this germ. Case presentation: We report a case of middle aged patient with multiple comorbidities, presenting with right supraclavicular mass following chest trauma. Imaging study showed multilobulated collection involving thoracic and neck muscles and invading the clavicle.

Aerococcus Viridians

Intraoperative drainage of the pus grew exclusively Aerococcus viridens. Conclusion: Aerococcus viridans is unusual cause of soft tissue infection, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with suspected deep soft tissue infection. A. viridens infection is underestimated because of technical difficulties in the identification of this organism. The introduction of matrixassisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry carried great success in accurate identification, as early identification of the offending organism guides physicians to appropriate treatment.

Human bocavirus (HBov1 and HBov2) in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis from North India

Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Several viruses are associated with gastroenteritis, including rotavirus, adenovirus, astrovirus and calicivirus etc. However, about 35-50% of non-bacterial acute Gastroenteritis is un-identifiable due to unrecognized etiologies. Parvovirus is known to cause gastroenteritis in numerous animal species including dogs, cats and hamsters. Several different species and genotypes of Parvovirus infect humans, including the well characterized Parvovirus B19, PARV4, PARV5 and recently identified bocavirus.

Human bocavirus

Human bocavirus (HBoV), a well-known parvovirus was identified a decade ago in respiratory samples as well as in stool samples. Since then its global presence has been reported in patients with or without gastroenteritis. The Human bocavirus (HBoV) genome consists of approximately 5.2 kb nucleotides in length and contains three open-reading frames (ORF) encoding two non-structural proteins (NS1 and NP1) and two capsid proteins (VP1 and VP2)

Process and Strain Development for Reduction of Broth Viscosity with Improved Yield in Coenzyme Q10 Fermentation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens ATCC 4452

Viscous nature of the fermentation broth has phenomenal influence on process conditions and parameters in a fermentor. Though broth rheology has attracted significant influence in process research, still there is a challenge to modify fluid dynamics of fermentation broth. During the production of coenzymeQ10 (CoQ10) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens ATCC 4452, the culture broth becomes highly viscous due to excessive synthesis of exopolysaccharides. This hinders the CoQ10 yield and complicates the downstream process. The present study describes how this problem was tackled by media modification and mutation.

Reduction of Broth Viscosity

Induced mutants were generated using UV and EMS as mutagenic agents followed by rational selection based on antibiotic resistance. Cane molasses as carbon source was found to be best suitable for CoQ10 fermentation using mutant M-6(S). Replacing sucrose with cheaper cane molasses significantly reduced the broth viscosity with improved specific CoQ10 content, thereby generating cost effective fermentation process. The newly developed mutant strain produced 48.89 mg/L of CoQ10 with specific CoQ10 content of 1.87 mg/g of DCW at 25°C, 500 rpm agitation and 0.2 vvm aeration using continuous fed batch fermentation and newly formulated cane molasses medium.

Extremity Infections in Intravenous Drug Abusers

Extremity infections in Intravenous Drug Abusers (IVDA) can be due localised reaction at the injection site or due to haematogenous spread. Emergency, surgical and orthopaedic clinicians have noticed an increase in the incidence of soft tissue abscess, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis presentations in past decade with a change in the microbiology on culture. Initial literature suggested Pseudomonas species as the most common organism with Staphylococcus aureus emerging as the most common organism three decades ago. Recent reports have identified oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is becoming increasingly common. In the last decade, there was an outbreak of Anthrax in IVDA, with Scotland being at the epicenter. An understanding of infection process and change in microbiology is essential for proper management.

Intravenous Drug Abusers

A literature search was performed on PubMed to list articles published in last 50 years. MeSH terms infection, abscess, osteomyelitis, drug abuse, intravenous were used. Clinical trials, retrospective studies, review articles and case reports were included to cover all the published work in English literature. Google scholar search was performed to look at current epidemiology and prevalence of IVDA in United Kingdom. The following discussion will address the current prevalence, common presentations, generic management, and change in microbiology of skin abscesses and osteomyelitis in greater detail and will emphasise the importance of these health risks for patients.

Bacterial Colony Characters: Pitting Colonies

Physiological and organic properties communicated by microorganisms frame the premise for their distinguishing proof. Among the different physiological characters appeared by the microscopic organisms the settlement morphology expect hugeness. Swarming sort states, consuming sort provinces and a few microscopic organisms like Micrococcus spp, a few variations of Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis structure settlements which show gentle miseries on agar surface. Numerous other microscopic organisms show shading settlements demonstrating color generation.

Microorganisms likewise show other exceptional characters including diverse sorts of motility. Another huge physiological articulation of microscopic organisms and some different microorganisms is their capacity to deliver bio-movies. Bio-movies are shaped by microorganisms to connect themselves to abiotic surfaces. Majority detecting atoms are another sort of bacterial expression which encourages them to see better their encompassing surroundings and encourage hereditary changes when required. Clinical microbiological research facilities are required to distinguish the greater part of these bacterial properties which might be identified with their destructiveness and infection creating abilities.